Atmospheric pollution. PM 10, lead and benzene

Atmospheric pollution

Degradation of the atmosphere produced when its composition contains alien substances or higher than usual amounts of the elements that it is normally composed of. The main pollutants are: chlorine, sulphur dioxides, flue gases, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, particles in total suspension and lead.

Flue gases

Atmospheric pollutants produced by combustion (heating, incineration plants, fires, etc.). It is measured using a manual collector using the reflectometry method. The simultaneous presence of fumes and sulphur dioxide produces a much more harmful effect for the health than when they are separate, therefore the sulphur oxide limits are determined by the presence or not of flue gases.

Total suspended particles (TSP)

Pollutant particles present in the atmosphere and of a small size (sometimes microscopic), but larger than molecules. They are generated by combustion processes, either industrial or from vehicles. Those of between 5 and 20 µg are measured using the gravimetry method and are detected by a high volume collector. Flue gases form part of this group and are only different in that they not measured in the same way.

Lead

Element present in the air as a result of motor vehicles. It is measured using manual collectors of medium or high volume, and is later analysed by atomic absorption.

Of the processes involved in the atmospheric pollution the emission of pollutants has to be pointed out in first term. In the process of emission determinate amounts of one or several pollutants are launched at the atmosphere. Once issued at the atmosphere the pollutants remain there during a certain time, known as time of residence. This time of permanence at the atmosphere is related with their chemical reactivity, with the wash of the atmosphere made by the rain and the capacity of the environment to disperse them.

The last phase of the atmospheric pollution has to include the effects of the pollutants on the living beings, the structures (constructions, monuments...) and about the intrinsic properties of the atmosphere (reduction in visibility, alteration of the balance of heat of the earth|land-atmosphere system, alterations about the climate...).

Cycle of the atmospheric pollution

The pollution of the air is a process that starts with the emissions in the air on the part of the different polluting emitting focuses at the atmosphere. Once these substances are at the atmosphere they suffer different effects of transport and/or transformation. As a result of these processes, in a determinate point a determinate concentration of each pollutant, which is known as a level of immission, is given. The levels of immission or of quality of the air are those that determine the effect of a pollutant on health or the environment.

Therefore, to minimize the atmospheric pollution it is necessary, on the one hand, the control of the atmospheric emissions (emission levels) and, on the other one, the control and the surveillance of the presence of the pollutants in the air in different receptive points (immission levels).

On treating the problem of the atmospheric pollution it is necessary to have present that, even though there is a certain relationship between emission and immission, these parameters are not necessarily equivalents because between both there is a process of transport and dispersion through the atmosphere, that it can disperse or concentrate the pollutants or even to modify its nature.

The pollutant sources can be classified into three groups:

• Of natural origin (the emissions of a volcano).
• Of natural origin speeded by the human activity (for example, a fire).
• Of anthropogenic origin: it is the emission introduced into the atmosphere by the activity of the man (emissions of exhaust pipe of the cars, emissions of industrial activities, etc.).

The emissions are the amount of pollutant that ends up at the atmosphere from a source, as for example the nitrogen oxides issued by the punctual and mobile focus that represents a car, the sulphur dioxide that is issued through a chimney or the issued particles by a spread source, as the wind when it blows on a dry surface. However, the immissions are the concentration of the pollutant (or level) in each point of the territory, that is, what a person would breathe in that point.

The relationship between emission and immission is not direct. This means that for a same emission we can have an immission in a very different determinate point, since once the pollutant it has been issued at the atmosphere, it suffers physical and chemical transformations (especially transport and dispersion, but also chemical reactions, deposition, aggregation, etc.) depending on the state of the atmosphere and changing with time.

The air quality

The immissions are related with effects on health and the environment. As a result of evaluating these effects the air quality degree is established, that is inversely proportionate to the pollution or immission levels (to more pollution less quality).

Atmospheric pollution is generally measured in micrograms or milligrams per cubic metre of air. The main pollutants are PM 10, lead and benzene. Other compounds are also considered: hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, which are measured by the automatic network. The main indicator is the air quality index (AQI).

The equivalence between units of measurement is:

1 g	1,000 mg
1 g	1,000,000 µg
1 g	1,000,000,000 ng